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Buruli ulcer (also known as the Bairnsdale ulcer, Searls ulcer, or Daintree ulcer) is an infectious disease caused by ''Mycobacterium ulcerans''. The early stage of the infection is characterised by a painless nodule or area of swelling.〔 This nodule can turn into an ulcer.〔 The ulcer may be larger inside than at the surface of the skin,〔 and can be surrounded by swelling.〔 As the disease worsens, bone can be infected.〔 Buruli ulcers most commonly affect the arms or legs;〔 fever is uncommon.〔 ''M. ulcerans'' releases a toxin known as mycolactone, which decreases immune system function and results in tissue death.〔 Bacteria from the same family also cause tuberculosis and leprosy (''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. leprae'', respectively).〔 How the disease is spread is not known.〔 Sources of water may be involved in the spread.〔 As of 2013 there is no effective vaccine.〔〔 If people are treated early, antibiotics for eight weeks are effective in 80%.〔 The treatment often includes the medications rifampicin and streptomycin.〔 Clarithromycin or moxifloxacin are sometimes used instead of streptomycin.〔 Other treatments may include cutting out the ulcer.〔 After the infection heals, the area typically has a scar. Buruli ulcers occurs most commonly in rural sub-Saharan Africa especially Cote d'Ivoire, but can also occur in Asia, the Western Pacific and the Americas.〔 Cases have occurred in more than 32 countries. About five to six thousand cases occur every year.〔 The disease also occurs in a number of animals other than humans.〔 Albert Ruskin Cook was the first to describe buruli ulcers in 1897.〔 ==Signs and symptoms== The infection in most instances presents as a painless lump just under the skin. In southern Australia, the presentation is more often as a pimple in the skin (dermis) rather than under it. The infection is mostly on the limbs, most often on exposed areas, but not on the hands or feet. In children, all areas may be involved, including the face or abdomen. A more severe form of infection produces diffuse swelling of a limb, which, unlike the papule or nodule, can be painful and accompanied by fever. Infection may frequently follow physical trauma, often minor trauma such as a small scratch. Image:Buruli_ulcer_hand_Nigeria.png|A typical Buruli ulcer on the left hand of a 17-year-old boy in Nigeria Image:Healed Buruli ulcer lesions.jpg|Healed Buruli ulcer lesions in a Ghanaian woman Image:Buruli_ulcer_ear_infant_Australia.png|Ear of an 18-month-old child with culture- and PCR-confirmed Buruli ulcer Image:Buruli_ulcer_traveler.png|Buruli ulcer in a long-term traveler to Senegal 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Buruli ulcer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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